2022年3月22日(ri)(ri)，國家發(fa)(fa)展改革委、國家能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)印發(fa)(fa)《“十四五”現代能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)系規劃(hua)》（以(yi)下簡稱《規劃(hua)》）的(de)(de)(de)(de)通知，展望2035年，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)高質量發(fa)(fa)展取得(de)決(jue)(jue)定性(xing)進展，基本建成(cheng)現代能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)系，可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)為主體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。根(gen)據歐洲光伏(fu)(fu)工會（EPIA）的(de)(de)(de)(de)預測，到2040年，可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)占(zhan)總(zong)體(ti)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例將(jiang)達(da)到總(zong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消耗(hao)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)50%以(yi)上，光伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所占(zhan)比(bi)例將(jiang)超(chao)過20%；至21世紀(ji)末，在能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)總(zong)供給中(zhong)(zhong)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)占(zhan)比(bi)將(jiang)超(chao)過80%，光伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)比(bi)將(jiang)超(chao)過60%。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)絡也(ye)在發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，以(yi)適應日(ri)(ri)益增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)需求(qiu)，同(tong)時也(ye)支持可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滲透，而能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)過程中(zhong)(zhong)必然會增加大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統。儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統在很大程度上解決(jue)(jue)了新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨機性(xing)、波動性(xing)問(wen)題，可以(yi)實(shi)現新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平滑輸出，有效調(diao)節新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、頻率(lv)及相位的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，使大規模(mo)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)及光伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)便可靠地并入常規電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，提高綠色(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)整體(ti)利(li)用率(lv)。《規劃(hua)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)順利(li)實(shi)現，儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)是關鍵要素。
按(an)照能(neng)(neng)量儲(chu)(chu)(chu)存方式的不同，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)可分為物理(li)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、化學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、電磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)三類(lei)。其中(zhong)物理(li)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)、壓(ya)縮空氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、飛輪儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)等，化學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)鉛酸電池、鋰離子電池、鈉硫(liu)電池、液流電池等，電磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)超(chao)級(ji)電容器儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、超(chao)導儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)等。
新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源儲能(neng)(neng)技術中，鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)(shi)首選。鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲能(neng)(neng)性能(neng)(neng)較(jiao)好，使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)長，循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)次(ci)數高(gao)。一(yi)般情況下，鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)3000次(ci)左右(you)，鈦酸鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)則高(gao)達(da)2.5萬次(ci)。鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)新(xin)增裝機規模在全球(qiu)和(he)(he)國(guo)內都居于榜首，國(guo)內眾多(duo)企業(ye)布局(ju)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲能(neng)(neng)技術；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)梯次(ci)利用延(yan)長了鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)，使(shi)其進一(yi)步降(jiang)低成本。鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術成熟，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)材(cai)料來源廣泛(fan)，成本較(jiao)低，鉛(qian)(qian)炭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)90min便可充滿，減(jian)少了負極硫酸鹽(yan)化(hua)現象，延(yan)長了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)，且功(gong)率(lv)密度(du)也得到提(ti)高(gao)，是(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術發展的(de)主(zhu)流方向。鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(du)高(gao)達(da)760Wh/kg，轉(zhuan)換(huan)效率(lv)接(jie)近(jin)100%，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)次(ci)數高(gao)達(da)2500次(ci)。然(ran)而(er)，成本高(gao)昂對工作環(huan)(huan)境要(yao)(yao)求很苛刻，300℃才(cai)能(neng)(neng)啟動，鈉硫儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在國(guo)外應用較(jiao)多(duo)，國(guo)內未(wei)能(neng)(neng)大(da)規模推廣。液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采(cai)用正(zheng)負極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)單獨循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)的(de)特殊結構，提(ti)高(gao)了化(hua)學反應效率(lv)，能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)效率(lv)可達(da)96%以上(shang)，能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(du)達(da)92Wh/kg，循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)次(ci)數為13000次(ci)左右(you)，使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)在20年(nian)左右(you)。由于液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術成熟度(du)不高(gao)，體積較(jiao)大(da)，價(jia)格方面也不占(zhan)優勢，因此在國(guo)內應用并(bing)不廣泛(fan)。目前，在化(hua)學存儲方面，科研人(ren)員的(de)研究方向主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)放在材(cai)料屬性和(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)力(li)改進上(shang)，包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質、新(xin)型膜和(he)(he)分離(li)(li)器(qi)等的(de)優化(hua)，最有希望的(de)技術包(bao)括(kuo)Li-S、M-Air和(he)(he)固態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)及新(xin)的(de)液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)(he)混(hun)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)。
新能源儲能技(ji)術(shu)中(zhong)的蓄(xu)熱(re)(re)儲能裝置(zhi)有助于(yu)減少住(zhu)宅、非住(zhu)宅和(he)工業的二氧化碳排(pai)放量。然而(er)，蓄(xu)熱(re)(re)儲能面臨著成本(ben)和(he)穩定(ding)性問題，開發適用于(yu)各種溫(wen)度范圍、各種容器的蓄(xu)熱(re)(re)儲能裝置(zhi)，蓄(xu)熱(re)(re)儲能裝置(zhi)的隔熱(re)(re)問題及系統(tong)的設計和(he)集成等還在研究(jiu)中(zhong)。
存儲(chu)系統方(fang)面的未來研(yan)發方(fang)向包括增加(jia)存儲(chu)容(rong)量、促進(jin)與綠色能(neng)源(yuan)的整(zheng)合、具有更(geng)高(gao)的循環壽命(ming)和效率以及更(geng)高(gao)的放電時間能(neng)力等，其(qi)中(zhong)最重要的是可靠(kao)性高(gao)的混合解決方(fang)案的設計和研(yan)發。
美(mei)國(guo)(guo)、日(ri)本將儲能當作一個(ge)獨立(li)產業來(lai)看待并(bing)出臺了專門的(de)(de)扶持政策(ce)，中國(guo)(guo)也應該重視儲能的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，鼓勵相關技術的(de)(de)研發(fa)(fa)，出臺相關政策(ce)，以順利(li)實(shi)現可再生能源發(fa)(fa)電成為主(zhu)體電源、新型電力系統建(jian)設取得(de)實(shi)質性成效的(de)(de)目標。
(文章來源：中國建材報)